I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
while; during; while; although; all; both
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from the standpoint of; from the viewpoint of; on; above; the best; top
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
representation; representative; exemplification; typification; leader; switchboard number
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to apologize (apologise); to refuse; to decline; to be unable to bear; to be defeated (by)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
second volume (in a two-volume set); third volume (in a three-volume set); last volume
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
stage; step; level; rank; order; stairs
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
to end; to come to an end; to finish; to complete; to finish doing; to be past its (one's) prime
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of