to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
meaning; significance; sense
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to need; to demand; to take; to require
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to intimidate; to frighten; to scare; to threaten (e.g. peace); to jeopardize; to endanger
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to spring; to jump up; to fly up; to skip
running continuously; firing in rapid succession
to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); to do over and over again; to do relentlessly; to stage a comeback (against) (in mahjong, horse racing, etc.); to come from behind
after (a long process); at the end of; last line (of a renga)
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pure white; blank (e.g. mind, paper)
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to turn; to rotate; to pass around; to send around; to move (someone or something to where its needed); to send; to turn (to a new use)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing
in that way; thus; so; so?