indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
fourth day of the month; four days
Saturday; earth; dirt; land; lands; earth (third of the five elements)
rebirth; new birth; nascent
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
goal; target; aim; mark; sign; landmark
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
eat-in-kitchen; combination kitchen-dining room; dropkick (rugby)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to have something on someone; to catch someone out; to trip someone up; (lit.) to grab by the tail
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
by means of; due to; because of; according to
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to defend against; to protect against; to prevent; to avert; to avoid
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
to put out one's hand; to extend one's arm; to reach (for); to try one's hand at (something new)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately