indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
twenty-third day of the month; twenty-three days
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for generations; hereditary; generation after generation
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
branch shrine; corporate spin-off; split-off business
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
head office; main office; main shrine; this company; this shrine
Amida Buddha's original vow; long-cherished desire
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the more ... the more ...; as; (arch.) while; (arch.) during; (arch.) because; (arch.) since
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
such; like that; that sort of; very
vast; extensive; immense; huge; large; grand
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
vast; huge; immense; malva nut (Sterculia lychnophora)
property; fortune; means; assets
to have; to possess; to own; to be endowed with
lucky omen; happy; auspicious
leading; prominent; eminent; counting on one's fingers
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...