attending (upon); keeping another company
written work (esp. a bound text, as opposed to a scroll); a text written entirely in kana; graphic novel (esp. one created between the 12th and 19th centuries); notebook (for practicing kana, drawing pictures, etc.); rough draft
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
means of making contact; intermediary; go-between; connections; influence; pull
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to rise up (e.g. pillar of smoke); to go up
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin making a sound (ringing, singing, crying, etc.)
to quit one's job; to resign
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cover (with something); to put on (e.g. on someone else's head); to plate something (with a metal); to pour or dash a liquid (on something); to charge (a person with a guilt)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to hold in one's arms (e.g. a baby); to embrace; to hug; to have (a thought or feeling); to hold; to harbour (suspicion, doubt, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
through; by way of; after; via
air-raid shelter; bomb shelter
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
boy; son; baby boy; young man
wooden box carried on one's back to store items for a pilgrimage
moat; fosse; trench; underground air-raid shelter; dugout
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
to throb (with pain); to ache; to smart; to rankle; to gall; to rile
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr