voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
near; close; beside; third person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
time; hour; period; class
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
atmosphere; mood; a certain air; presence; (Earth's) atmosphere
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pressure; urgency; tension; imminence; acuteness
vocal sound; tone of voice
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress