indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
Jon; John; Gjon; Jonathan
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; enhancement; solidification
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
adds force or indicates command
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend