indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
honorific/polite/humble prefix
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to