indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hole; opening; pit; hollow; burrow; den; deficit
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
logical connection; chain of reasoning; coherence; blood vessel
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
surroundings; environs; circumference
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to substitute for; to stand in for; to fill in for
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to recall; to remember; to recollect
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to cock one's head in puzzlement; to tilt one's head in contemplation; to wrack one's brain; to think hard
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to connect; to tie; to fasten; to transfer (phone call)
worm-eaten; moth-eaten; holes eaten in clothing, leaves, etc. by caterpillars, moths, etc.; leaf warbler (any bird of genus Phylloscopus); chiffchaff
to choose; to select; to pick (out)
don't you think?; indicates question
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
thick; deep; kind; cordial; serious (of an illness); abundant
to rain incessantly; to downpour
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence; power