indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
settlement; village; community; (bacterial) colony
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
returning home; visiting one's parents; new bride's first visit to parents
in terms of both ... and ...; from the perspective of ... as well as ...; whether it be ... or ...
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
such ... as; or some such
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
had better ...; had better not ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
atmosphere; mood; a certain air; presence; (Earth's) atmosphere
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); one's husband; (one's) employer; (one's) master; host
to serve; to work for; to attend
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
independent action; acting alone
strict; close; precise; scrupulous