indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
main text; original text; this book; this volume
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; virtue; benefit
preface; foreword; preamble
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
recommendation; referral; endorsement
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
turmoil; chaos; confusion
to deepen; to heighten; to intensify
present age; present day; contemporary; modern era; modern times; contemporary era
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
naked; nude; unvarnished (e.g. truth); plain (e.g. fact); frank
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to delineate; to draw; to express; to imagine
not only ... but (also); as well as ...
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
mind; spirit; attitude; mentality; spirit (of a matter); essence
tempering (metal); annealing; forging; toughening; disciplining; training
(some small) help; an aid; some assistance
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
to embrace; to hug; to have; to possess; to command; to lead
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
area; vicinity; side; edge; circumstances
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
reference (e.g. to a dictionary, passage, footnotes); consultation; comparison; browsing (to a file or folder)
please (give me); please (do for me)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
engawa; external corridor on the outer side of traditional Japanese houses; bone at the base of a fin (esp. of a flatfish); meat at the base of a fin
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
most suitable; optimum; optimal; best
easy; easygoing; carefree; happy-go-lucky; optimistic; leisurely
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
to have both; to possess both; to combine with
presumably; conceivably; in my opinion; in my view; I think (that); upon thought
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward