guide; tour guide; conductor; guidebook
national language; Japanese language (often as a school subject in Japan); native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to concern; to be related
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
(Japanese) Agency for Cultural Affairs
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
every year; yearly; annually
enforcement; implementation; putting into practice; carrying out; operation; working (e.g. working parameters)
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
often; again and again; frequently; repeatedly
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
shaking; shake; unsettledness; instability; existence of multiple spellings, pronunciations, usages, etc. for a single word
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
fact-finding investigation; investigation into actual conditions; fact-finding survey
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to be of use as a reference; to be helpful
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
meaning; significance; sense
way to use something; treatment; management (of help)
pronunciation; reading (e.g. of a kanji); way of reading (out loud); interpretation (e.g. of a text); reading
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to be wide-ranging; to be diverse; to cover a lot of ground; to cover various topics
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
notice; attention; observation
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
idiomatic expression; idiom; fixed expression
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
for example; for instance; e.g.
to become very angry; to be furious; to fly into a rage
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to