indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
February; second month of the lunar calendar
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
stock company; corporation; kabushiki kaisha; KK
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
publication; issue (of journal, newspaper, etc.); issue (of banknotes, bonds, passport, etc.); raising an event (software)
tankōbon; (manga) volume; (comic) trade paperback; single book (as opposed to magazine, anthology, etc.); separate volume
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
revision (of text); alteration; change
republication; reissue; reprinting; reproduction
contribution (e.g. to newspaper)
to add; to add up; to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to include; to count in
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
cooperation; collaboration
Asahi beer; Asahi Breweries, Ltd.
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
offer; tender; providing; sponsoring (a TV program)
binding (of a book); design (of a book cover)
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
proofreading; correction of press; calibration
dealt hand consisting of one 20-point card and six 1-point cards; outstanding; standing out above the rest
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
people; men and women; each person; everybody
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
wall iris; roof iris; Iris tectorum; fleur-de-lis
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
twentieth day of the month; twenty days
Hiroshima prefecture (Chūgoku area)
bamboo (any grass of subfamily Bambusoideae); middle (of a three-tier ranking system)