indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
meaning; significance; sense
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
whole (body); full-length (e.g. portrait); systemic
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
sweat; perspiration; moisture; condensation; gulp; oops
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to soak; to dip; to steep; to moisten; to wet
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
breath; breathing; tone; mood
to freeze; to be frozen over; to congeal
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such; like that; that sort of; very
clear; fair; fine; serene
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
imagination; supposition; guess
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
stage (theatre, theater); scene or setting (e.g. of novel, play, etc.)