foreword; preface; introduction; postscript
rice plant (Oryza sativa)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
history of Japan; Japanese history
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to pass (of time); to elapse
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(period of) a year; during an era
rice cultivation; rice crop
study; research; investigation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
remarkable; striking; brilliant; splendid; spectacular; wonderful
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
form; shape; figure; visage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to collect; to gather; to compile; to arrange; to settle
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
luckily; blessedly; fortunately
AD; Anno Domini; assistant director (movie, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
proposal; proposition; suggestion
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
adjustment; tweaking; improvement; modification; tinkering; minor alteration
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
revision (of text); alteration; change
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
place; point; part; counter for places, parts, passages, etc.