aggression; invasion; raid
Muscat (wine grape variety); Muscat (Oman)
whole nation; whole land; whole country
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
to discharge (e.g. effluent)
filtration; filtering; percolation
untreated; left unattended (to); still to be dealt with; unprocessed
citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
epidemiology; the study of epidemics
district; section; sector
thirteen; 13; king (playing card)
to hand over; to transfer; to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way; to yield; to concede
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
excreta; raw sewage; human waste; night soil
collection; recovery; withdrawal; retrieval
agricultural community; farm village; rural
to take into one's possession; to receive; to take into one's care (e.g. person, pet); to take custody of; to leave; to go away
arrival in Japan; coming to Japan; visit to Japan
foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
clean; hygienic; sanitary; pure; virtuous; immaculate
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to be surprised; to be astonished
Kyūshū (southernmost of the four main islands of Japan)
Tokaido (Edo-period Edo-Kyoto highway)
going to Tokyo; going east
rumor; rumour; gossip; hearsay
to fly about; to flutter about; to flit about; to fly past each other
transliteration; phonetic representation of a foreign word using Chinese characters; reading aloud (for people with impaired vision)
fox (esp. the red fox, Vulpes vulpes); fox (i.e. a sly person); soba or udon topped with deep-fried tofu; light brown; golden brown
wolf (Canis lupus); wolf in sheep's clothing; womanizer
tanuki (Nyctereutes procyonoides); raccoon dog; sly dog; sly old fox; sly fox
Perry; Peli; Pelly; Perri