preface; foreword; preamble
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Germany and France; German-French
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
criticism; judgement; judgment; comment
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
form; shape; figure; visage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
advance notice; previous note; preliminary announcement; trailer (film, TV); preview
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to affix; to append; to entrust; to refer; to follow (the leader); to submit (a document, etc.)
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
adjustment; tweaking; improvement; modification; tinkering; minor alteration
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in case of; at that time; at this time
wholly; solely; entirely; principally; mostly; chiefly
thought; consideration; thinking
to turn towards; to point
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
to mix; to blend; to combine
really; truly; indeed; good grief
inconvenient; inexpedient; unfavourable; wrong; improper; objectionable
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape)
awkward (movements, speech, etc.); jerky; stiff; strained (relations); sour
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
to hinder; to obstruct; to disrupt; to interfere with; to cause a delay
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!