first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
main text; original text; this book; this volume
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
National Center Test for University Admissions
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
setting a question (for an exam, quiz, etc.); setting a theme (for composition of poetry)
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
beginning; clue; starting point
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
outline; summary; gist; roughly; about; nearly
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
explanation; commentary; exposition; elucidation
book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
although I say; although one might say; although called
student preparing for or taking examinations (usu. entrance exams); test-taker
intended for ...; oriented towards ...; aimed at ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
study reference; study-aid book
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
rather; better; instead; if anything
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
university student; college student
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
working adult; full-fledged member of society
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to be better (than); to be superior; to surpass; to excel; to be excellent
primer; introductory book; (beginner's) guide