indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
century; era; of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
division; section; demarcation; partition; segmentation; subdivision
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to pursue
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
pointing out; identification
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
the West; the Occident; Western countries
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
source (of a spring, etc.); source (of payment, energy, knowledge, etc.); origin; wellspring
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest