indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at that time; in those days
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)