indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
people; men and women; each person; everybody
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
mind; spirit; attitude; mentality; spirit (of a matter); essence
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally