indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
enterprise; business; company; corporation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
stock; share; stump; (clump of) roots; plant with attached roots or stem; strain (of bacteria, etc.); stock company
in this way; thus; such; uh...
company; corporation; workplace
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to