transportation by water (e.g. by ship)
to kick; to refuse; to reject; to stamp (on the ground); to firmly press one's feet (against something)
standing; reserve; always having ready
to put one's life on the line; to risk one's life; to put everything one has into it
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
Nanban trade; Japanese trade with Spain and Portugal (1543-1641)
undershirt (worn under a kimono); singlet
karuta; traditional Japanese playing cards
tobacco; cigarette; cigaret; tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum)
Age of Discovery; Age of Exploration
European countries; European nations
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
(arch.) southern barbarians (formerly used by the Chinese to refer to non-ethnic Chinese to the south); (arch.) South-East Asia; (arch.) Western Europe (esp. Spain and Portugal, their South-East Asian colonies, and their goods and people arriving in Japan via the colonies); exotic (esp. Western European or South-East Asian style); (in dance, puppetry, etc.) thrusting the right foot and right arm forward at the same time (or left foot and left arm); nanban; dish prepared using chili peppers and Welsh onions
direct; in person; frankness; night duty; shift (e.g. in a factory)
head; chief; boss; leader
Society of Jesus; Jesuits
gore; triangular piece of fabric, used for making skirts, umbrellas, etc.
munitions; military stores
to accrete; to become whole; to come together
Iwami Silver Mine (Shimane Prefecture)
publication (e.g. of an article in a newspaper); carrying (e.g. a story); running (e.g. a serial); insertion (e.g. of an advertisement); printing; posting (e.g. on the web)
tally; check; piece of wood or paper split in half and given to each party as a form of proof (e.g. of a transaction)
nomination (of a person to a position); selection; election; assignment; appointment
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
conference; consultation; discussion; negotiation
lump-sum purchase; bulk purchase; group purchase
foreign trade by authorized Japanese ships (early Edo period)
promotion; acceleration; encouragement; facilitation; spurring on
to speak (of something); to be effective; to be powerful; to mean everything
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival