first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
history of Japan; Japanese history
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
predecessor; pioneer; ancestor
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wisdom; wit; sagacity; prajna (insight leading to enlightenment)
to inherit; to succeed; to take over
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
recollection; reminiscence
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
wisdom; intelligence; intellect
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
taking over; handing over; transfer of control; inheriting; passing on the baton
document; official papers
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
meaning; significance; sense
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to miss (doing); to fail (to do)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
cultivation; refinement; culture; education
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi