first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
habit; (social) custom; practice; convention
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
cultivation; refinement; culture; education
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to subsist; to keep on living
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
food; provisions; nourishment (mental, spiritual, etc.); sustenance (e.g. of one's life); source of encouragement
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
meaning; significance; sense
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
mind; spirit; attitude; mentality; spirit (of a matter); essence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to consist of; to be made up of; to be concluded (e.g. of an agreement); to hold true (e.g. of a theory); to be viable (of a business, lifestyle, etc.); to carry on
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
to spin; to make yarn; to spin (a tale); to assemble (e.g. words); to put together
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
comprehensive; composite; all-embracing
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work