indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
wisdom; jnana (higher knowledge)
legume (esp. edible legumes or their seeds, e.g. beans, peas, pulses); bean; soya bean (Glycine max); soybean; female genitalia (esp. the clitoris); kidney; small
acquaintanceship; vijnana; consciousness; written by...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)