indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unknown (e.g. in an equation); element (of a set); yuan (monetary unit of China); New Taiwan dollar; Yuan dynasty (China, 1271-1368); Yüan dynasty
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
not to mention ...; needless to say ...; not to speak of ...; (arch.) negligent; (arch.) neglectful; (arch.) careless
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
rooting up (weeds, etc.); eradication; rooting out; stamping out
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
dirt; filth; stain; blot; spot
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
to watch over; to watch attentively