indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
politics; government; peace; (arch.) medical treatment; (arch.) cure
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(in) dire straits; (in a) serious bind; (in a) big pinch
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
present; gift; to give a present or gift
to distribute; to hand out; to deliver; to allot; to allocate; to place (staff, soldiers, etc.)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
myself; yourself; I; me; you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
shallow; superficial; thoughtless; short-sighted; foolish; silly
exceedingly; extremely; very many; indeed
to be surprised; to be astonished
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
to defend oneself; to protect oneself
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
to inhale; to breathe in; to suck up; to absorb; to soak up
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
here and there; all around; everywhere; to get things in the wrong order (back to front); to become muddled up
to scatter; to disseminate (e.g. a rumor); to spread (e.g. germs); to distribute widely (e.g. leaflets); to hand out freely; to spend recklessly
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray