indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
dad; daddy; papa; pa; pop
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
or something; for instance ... (though there are other suitable options); ... or ...; as soon as; right after; while still
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
good luck; fortune; happiness; harvest; yield
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
tradition; legend; folklore
middle-aged man; Buddhist priest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)