indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call (someone) to (the door, phone, etc.); to tell (someone) to come; to call up (on the phone); to invoke (e.g. a subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
attitude; manner; behaviour; attitude (towards an issue, etc.); position; stance
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
to occur repeatedly; to repeat; to be repeated; to be frequent
insubordination; disobedience
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
naming; nominating; designating; calling on; asking for; requesting
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
leader; guide; mentor; coach
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
different opinion; objection
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
loyalty; sincerity; allegiance; fidelity; integrity
proof; evidence; sign; witnessing; testifying; testimony
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
strength; power; proficiency; ability
to hold out; to extend (e.g. a hand); to present; to submit; to sacrifice; to give (up)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight