suffix for familiar person
previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
father; dad; husband; you; he
merit; success; meritorious deed; achievement; accumulated experience
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to help out of (trouble); to extricate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I got it; I see; I now know; So that's the reason
five colors (usu. red, blue, yellow, white and black); five colours; many kinds; varied; melon; gourd
to be surprised; to be astonished
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
failure; defeat; mistake; unconsciousness
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to catch; to capture; to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street); towards (someone); at (someone)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")