indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be found; to be discovered
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
(picture) frame; framed picture; amount (esp. of money); sum
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
please (give me); please (do for me)
how; in what way; how about
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
to bring; to take (something) along; to fetch; to get
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
reward; honorarium; remuneration
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to deliver; to extradite; to stretch across; to hand over
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something