indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
all present; all concerned; all of us
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
long, narrow strip of paper on which Japanese poems are written (vertically); tanzaku; thin rectangle
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
Star Festival (held in July or August); Tanabata; Festival of the Weaver
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
wish; dream; prayer; one's desire
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already