human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to entice; to tempt; to invite someone to join in
ghost that appears at sea during a shipwreck; something strange or suspicious; idiot; fool; noh mask for roles involving dead or ghost characters
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to use up all one's strength
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to protect (someone); to look after (e.g. an injured leg); to defend; to cover for; to stand up for; to stick up for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
don't you think?; indicates question
internal organ; viscera; gut
(in gagaku or noh) middle section of a song
sushi shop; sushi restaurant; sushi bar
to do something in readiness for; to get something (needful) done
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume); Japanese plum; ume; lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very