indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pitch (e.g. in baseball); pile (of noodles, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
one Nth part (e.g. one fifth, one tenth); one out of N
X; x; unknown quantity; an unknown
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to train; to teach; to acquire (information); to learn; to stock; to stock up on
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
power; might; authority; influence
how; in what way; how about
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
research institute; (research) laboratory
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
completion; perfection; accomplishment
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
space development; space exploration
tremendous; rapid; dramatic
progress; advance; improvement; development
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to arrive at (a certain outcome); to come to; to end with
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to learn; to study; to take lessons in
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that