indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
adds force or indicates command
yo!; hello there!; wow!; oh!; yah! (yell)
sovereign; emperor; monarch
under the orders of; by order (command)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
supermarket; subtitles; telop; superheterodyne; super
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
hand; handball (soccer foul)
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
failure; mistake; blunder
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
how; in what way; how about
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to commit seppuku; to commit harakiri; to take responsibility (and resign); (arch.) to laugh until one splits one's side
to be silent; to say nothing
any; at all; in the least; even in a slight degree; ever
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
directions; instructions; orders; command
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
of course; certainly; naturally
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case