indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)