suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
disqualification; elimination; incapacity; being unfit for one's role; being a failure
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
all; entire; whole; altogether
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then