indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to lie face down; to lie flat (on one's stomach); to bend down (in submission); to bow down; to (crouch) and hide (behind); to conceal oneself; to lie down (and sleep)
victory; triumph; win; conquest; success
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ranking; toplist (e.g. of WWW sites)
sole; single; solo; independence; singleness; singularity
first place; head position; leading position
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
fall; tumble; spill; fall (in position, standing, etc.); downfall; descent
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is it?; isn't it?; be; is
OK; okay; fine (without); not needed; unnecessary
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
increasingly; more and more; decreasingly; less and less
to sit on the edge of one's seat; to be in breathless suspense
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
cool (temperature, color, etc.); cool (i.e. calm and collected); cool-headed; cool (i.e. fashionable or stylish); course (of medical treatment)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
tsk; tut; shoot; chirp; tweet