indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
professor; teaching; instruction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
development; exploitation
approval; license; licence; permission
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
administration (of medicine)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
study; research; investigation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
evacuees; displaced persons; refugees
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
participation; joining; entry; adherence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
bleeding; haemorrhage; hemorrhage; bleeding money; red ink; selling below cost
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
by all rights; properly speaking; legally speaking
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
it cannot be that...; it is highly unlikely that...; it is impossible that...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
analgesic; painkiller; sedative; tranquilizer; tranquiliser
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest