indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
sound of the wind; voice of the wind
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fortunate person; lucky fellow; lucky dog
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
three countries; Three Kingdoms (in China, 220 CE-280 CE); Three Kingdoms (in Korea, 57 BCE-668 CE); (arch.) Japan, China and India; (arch.) Japan, Korea and China
(mountain) pass; highest point on a mountain road; ridge; peak (e.g. of summer); worst (e.g. of an illness); crisis
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Buddhist priest; bonze; layman dressed like a priest; person
hot water; hot bath; hot spring; molten iron
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
Bungo (former province located in present-day Ōita Prefecture)
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
while; during; while; although; all; both
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
wandering; jobless; unemployed
(way of) life; living; livelihood; life circumstances
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question