one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
barrier; gate; seki (in go); mutual life
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
in person; personally; directly
to beg forgiveness; to ask for someone's pardon; to ask for permission
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
adds force or indicates command
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
extreme; terrible; absurd; unreasonable; fool; idiot
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
swiftly; rapidly; suddenly; abruptly; sharply (of a slope, bend, etc.); steeply
to let (someone) hear; to tell (e.g. a story); to make (someone) listen; to make (someone) understand; to grip (someone) with skilful singing, storytelling, etc.; to hold (someone) enchanted by
look!; there!; here!; that is
to be surprised; to be astonished
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; all things considered; be that as it may