one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
in person; personally; directly
to beg forgiveness; to ask for someone's pardon; to ask for permission
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
extreme; terrible; absurd; unreasonable; fool; idiot
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
swiftly; rapidly; suddenly; abruptly; sharply (of a slope, bend, etc.); steeply
to let (someone) hear; to tell (e.g. a story); to make (someone) listen; to make (someone) understand; to grip (someone) with skilful singing, storytelling, etc.; to hold (someone) enchanted by
look!; there!; here!; that is
to be surprised; to be taken aback; to be amazed; to be frightened; to be startled; to be alarmed
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; all things considered; be that as it may
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good