indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
oiran; high-ranking courtesan; (arch.) prostitute
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
holly olive (Osmanthus heterophyllus); false holly; holly; spotnape ponyfish (Leiognathus nuchalis)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
paying to get someone (esp. a geisha, prostitute, etc.) out of bondage
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...