indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to choose; to select; to pick (out)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to watch over; to keep watch over; to keep an eye on; to watch intently; to stare; to gaze
to subsist; to keep on living
decision; determination; resolution
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
gloss; luster; mellowness (of a voice); youthfulness (e.g. of skin); interest; appeal
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
very early in the morning; so early in the morning; at this ungodly hour
how; in what way; how about
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
missus; missis; proprietress (of a shop, restaurant, etc.); landlady; hostess
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)