indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to watch over; to watch attentively
to subsist; to keep on living
decision; determination; resolution
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
gloss; luster; mellowness (of a voice); youthfulness (e.g. of skin); interest; appeal
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
to catch fire (of charcoal); to start burning; to burn away; to burn merrily
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
very early in the morning; so early in the morning; at this ungodly hour
how; in what way; how about
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...