indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house arrest; being placed in confinement at home
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
one's home; hometown; native place; birthplace
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
like-mindedness; (being of the) same mind; shared sentiment; comrade; fellow; kindred soul
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
one school; one sect; one denomination; one party; one faction; one group
clean sweep; purging; doing away with; eradication
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
poverty; need; destitution; having great difficulty with; struggling greatly with; being in distress
end; extremity; limit; result; outcome; upshot
selling oneself (into bondage; esp. of a prostitute); selling out (to a competitor); selling off
continual change; vicissitudes; transmigration; metempsychosis
after (a long process); at the end of; last line (of a renga)
finally; in the end; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
price; cost; value; worth; value
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
to take into one's possession; to receive; to take into one's care (e.g. person, pet); to take custody of; to leave; to go away
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
money needed to buy a geisha or prostitute out of bondage
circumstances; condition; arranging; managing; lending money; raising money
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to offer; to propose; to suggest; to put forward; to request; to ask (for)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
extraordinary; preposterous; outrageous; absurd
large amount of money; great cost
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to shake; to sway; to rock; to become unstable; to become unsettled; to be shaken
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out; to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily); to dawn
eel (esp. the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica)
to cut up; to cleave; to spare (time, money, etc.); to use part of something; (arch.) to have a tattoo in the corner of one's eye
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)