indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
provision of lunch (e.g. at office, school, etc.); providing a meal; lunch service
red rice (beans and mochi) for auspicious occasions
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(common) millet (Panicum miliaceum); proso millet
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
all present; all concerned; all of us
pompadour-like hair style, popular for unmarried women in the Edo period; shimada coiffure
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
straw bag; sack; bale; counter for sacks (of rice, potatoes, coal, etc.)