cicada; locust; small-sized pulley
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
provision of lunch (e.g. at office, school, etc.); providing a meal; lunch service
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
liking; being fond of; liking (romantically); being in love with; faddism; eccentricity
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
exaggeration; overstatement; saying too much; misstatement; slip of the tongue; gaffe
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to sense; to perceive; to understand; to comprehend; to attain enlightenment
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
to touch; to come in contact with; to receive (e.g. visitor); to attend to; to receive (news); to get; to encounter
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
dignity; majesty; solemnity; gravity
to be consistent; to be coherent
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
recklessly; thoughtlessly; pamperingly; indulgently; shoo!; heave-ho; hallo
heave-ho; oops; yes; yeah
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
in that way; like that; that way
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern