indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yakisoba; fried noodles, usu. with vegetables and meat
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
provision of lunch (e.g. at office, school, etc.); providing a meal; lunch service
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
how; in what way; how about
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to be needed; to be wanted
pupil; student; schoolchild
farewell; adieu; goodbye; so long
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily