indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
in that way; thus; so; so?
(for the) first time; something used (worn, etc.) for the first time; new item; first of the season (crop, fruit, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity