indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Uroctea compactilis (species of araneomorph spider)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
emperor (of Japan); mikado