Tenshō era (1573.7.28-1592.12.8)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
exile; banishment; eviction; elimination (e.g. of poverty); removal
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
territories in the vicinity of the capital and under direct imperial rule; (in Japanese history) the five kuni in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto
grasping; seizing; holding; commanding; having control over
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to go against; to fight against; to oppose; to resist; to deny
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
every place; various places
intangible; incorporeal; by force; outrageous; making light of; making fun of
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Amida Buddha's original vow; long-cherished desire
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to vacate; to surrender (e.g. a castle); to give up (e.g. a position); to hand over (e.g. power)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
like this; this sort; this way
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
saint; wise and virtuous person (esp. in Confucianism); great religious teacher; refined sake
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
will; volition; intention; intent; determination
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
it cannot be that...; it is highly unlikely that...; it is impossible that...
Buddhist teachings; Buddhism
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
now; the present time; just now; another; more
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
adds force or indicates command
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
flour; meal; powder; dust
knack; skill; bone; skeleton; cremated remains (esp. the bones); ashes
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to eat up (completely); to put down (a rebellion); to suppress; (arch.) to make flat; (arch.) to level out
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)